The Suharwardy Order: Foundations of Sufism in Kashmir

By V.A. Mohamad Ashrof, New Age Islam 28 November 2024 This interdisciplinary study delves into the natural disposition towards theism in human nature, synthesizing insights from cognitive psychology, Quranic epistemology, and biblical hermeneutics. The convergence of these fields reveals a profound alignment: belief in a creator is an inherent aspect of human consciousness, rooted in our nature as beings created in the image of God. This phenomenon is observed universally across cultures and societies, underscoring the timeless and enduring nature of belief. By integrating scientific and spiritual perspectives, this study reaffirms the centrality of faith in the human experience, illuminating the intricate relationship between human nature, cognition, and the divine. The question of whether belief in a creator is inherent to human nature has long fascinated scholars across disciplines, including psychology, philosophy, and theology. Recent findings in cognitive psychology have uncovered compelling evidence that the human mind is predisposed to theistic beliefs. This discovery resonates with the Islamic epistemological concept of Fiṭrah—the inherent disposition to recognize and believe in God, as described in the Quran (Q.30:30). Similarly, the biblical account affirms that humanity is created in the image of God (Genesis 1:26-27), implying an innate inclination towards the divine. This article examines the natural inclination towards belief in a creator through the lens of cognitive psychology and Quranic and biblical epistemology, highlighting the harmony between empirical findings and scriptural insights. By exploring the intersection of human nature, cognition, and faith, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the human experience and the enduring significance of theistic belief. Cognitive Psychology and Theistic Belief Cognitive psychology provides intriguing insights into the human mind's inclination toward belief in a higher power. Studies have shown that theistic beliefs, far from being a mere cultural construct, may be deeply rooted in our cognitive architecture. Olivera Petrovich's research reveals that even children with minimal formal education exhibit a strong inclination towards belief in a non-anthropomorphic God. This suggests that theistic belief is not solely a product of cultural indoctrination but rather a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Paul Bloom's observations highlight the human tendency to perceive design and purpose in the natural world. This "hardwired for faith" inclination suggests that humans are naturally inclined to attribute meaning and intention to their surroundings, often leading to the belief in a higher power. Deborah Kelemen's research further supports this idea, demonstrating that children often view the natural world teleologically, ascribing purpose and intention to inanimate objects. This intuitive theism suggests that belief in a creator is a natural and effortless cognitive stance. Justin L. Barrett's work delves deeper into the psychological mechanisms that underpin theistic belief. He identifies key cognitive biases, such as agency detection and teleological thinking, which contribute to the human inclination towards belief in a higher power. These biases are not limited to specific cultures but are found across diverse societies, suggesting a universal human tendency. (Barrett, p.35-36) Cognitive psychology provides compelling evidence that theistic belief is a natural and intuitive human tendency. While cultural and social factors undoubtedly shape specific religious beliefs and practices, the underlying inclination towards belief in a higher power appears to be a fundamental aspect of human cognition. The Islamic Concept of Fiṭrah The concept of Fitrah is central to Islamic theology, signifying an innate human disposition towards recognizing and submitting to the divine. Quran 30:30 elucidates this concept: "Set your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. [Adhere to] the Fitrah of God upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of God.” This verse suggests that humans are born with a natural inclination towards God and a sense of morality. The Fitrah is often likened to a seed planted within the human soul, which, if nurtured, can blossom into a deep spiritual connection. The Quran further elaborates on this concept in verse 7:172, which recounts a primordial covenant where all souls pledged allegiance to God. This verse implies that humans possess an inherent awareness of their divine origin and purpose, a knowledge that is imprinted on the soul. The signs of God's creation, as mentioned in verses like 3:190, serve as reminders of the divine and can inspire a sense of awe and wonder. These signs, whether in the heavens or the earth, point to the existence of a higher power and invite humans to contemplate their place in the universe. The concept of Fitrah has profound implications for understanding human nature and the purpose of life. It suggests that humans are not merely physical beings but also spiritual beings with a deep connection to the divine. By recognizing and nurturing this innate spiritual connection, individuals can live more fulfilling and meaningful lives. The Indelible Mark of Faith and Bible The convergence of cognitive psychology and biblical epistemology offers a fascinating perspective on the human inclination towards faith. By exploring the depths of the human psyche and the revelations of scripture, we can uncover a profound alignment between these seemingly disparate fields. Cognitive psychology has illuminated the innate human tendency towards belief in a higher power. Studies by researchers like Olivera Petrovich, Paul Bloom, and Deborah Kelemen reveal that humans are naturally inclined to perceive design, purpose, and agency in the world around them. This innate inclination, often referred to as "intuitive theism," suggests that belief in a creator is not merely a cultural construct but a fundamental aspect of human cognition. The Bible, too, affirms this innate human inclination. In Romans 1:20, it states, "For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made." This verse suggests that the evidence for God's existence is evident in the natural world, and that humans are equipped with the capacity to discern this evidence. The biblical concept of the "imago Dei" (image of God) further reinforces this idea. It suggests that humans are created in God's image, possessing a unique spiritual and moral nature. This divine imprint within each individual enables us to connect with the transcendent and to experience a sense of awe and wonder at the beauty and complexity of the universe. The convergence of cognitive psychology and biblical epistemology offers a compelling explanation for the universal human experience of faith. It suggests that belief in a higher power is not merely a cultural or societal construct, but a fundamental aspect of the human condition. By recognizing this innate inclination, we can better understand the profound impact of faith on human life and culture. Scientific Perspectives Supporting Fiṭrah and Imago Dei Cognitive science has shed light on the human mind's natural inclination toward theistic belief. This innate predisposition, often referred to as "intuitive theism," suggests that belief in a higher power is not merely a cultural construct but a fundamental aspect of human cognition. One key cognitive mechanism supporting this inclination is hyperactive agency detection. Humans are naturally inclined to perceive agency and intentionality in the world around them, even in ambiguous situations. This tendency can lead to the attribution of purpose and design to natural phenomena, ultimately fostering the belief in a creator. Anthropological studies further corroborate the universality of theistic belief. Across diverse cultures, even in isolated societies, people have expressed belief in a higher power or spiritual force. This suggests that the inclination towards theistic belief is not a cultural construct but a deeply ingrained human trait. Neuroscientific research has also contributed to our understanding of the human brain's capacity for spiritual experiences. Studies have shown that the brain possesses a "spiritual network" that is activated during meditation, prayer, and other religious practices. This suggests that the human brain is wired for spiritual experiences and that belief in a higher power may be a natural outgrowth of this neurological capacity. Cognitive science and neuroscience provide compelling evidence for the idea that theistic belief is a natural and intuitive human tendency. This understanding offers a valuable perspective on the human experience and the enduring appeal of religious faith. The Interplay of Fiṭrah and Morality The Quranic concept of Fitrah encapsulates the idea of an innate human disposition towards truth, morality, and the divine. Quran 91:7-8 states, "By the soul and He who proportioned it, and inspired it [with discernment of] its wickedness and its righteousness." This verse suggests that humans are born with a moral compass, capable of distinguishing between right and wrong. Prophet Muhammad further elaborated on this concept, stating, "Every child is born upon the Fiṭrah, but his parents make him a Jew, a Christian, or a Magian..." (Sahih Bukhari 8:77: 598). This hadith highlights the influence of societal and environmental factors in shaping individual beliefs and practices, while acknowledging the underlying Fitrah that can be obscured or distorted. This profound statement speaks to the inherent goodness and purity of the human soul. The Fitrah is often described as a divine endowment, a natural inclination towards truth, morality, and spirituality. Every child, regardless of their cultural or religious background, is born with this innate capacity. However, as individuals grow and develop, they are influenced by various factors, including family, society, and culture. These external factors can shape their beliefs, values, and behaviours, leading to the diversity of religious and cultural expressions we see in the world today. Despite these external influences, the Fitrah remains a constant, a reminder of our shared humanity and our potential for goodness. By recognizing and nurturing this innate inclination, we can strive to live lives of compassion, justice, and peace. The concept of Fitrah invites us to embrace our shared humanity and to respect the diversity of beliefs and practices. It reminds us that we are all connected, and that our differences should not be a source of division but rather an opportunity for understanding and growth. The Fitrah is often understood as a universal human capacity to recognize the divine. It is a state of purity and innocence, a connection to the transcendent that exists within every soul. By tapping into this innate potential, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of their purpose in life and their relationship with the divine. Epistemological Implications The convergence of cognitive science and theological inquiry offers a compelling perspective on the nature of human belief. Cognitive science suggests that theistic belief may be an innate human tendency, rooted in our psychological makeup. Studies have shown that humans possess a natural inclination towards agency detection, perceiving purpose and intention in the world around them, even in inanimate objects. This innate tendency, often referred to as "intuitive theism," suggests that belief in a higher power is not merely a cultural construct but a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Furthermore, the universal prevalence of religious belief across diverse cultures and historical periods supports the notion that faith is a fundamental human experience. This widespread phenomenon suggests that the human mind is naturally predisposed to seek meaning and purpose beyond the material world. By recognizing the innate human tendency towards theistic belief, we can challenge the secular narrative that often portrays religion as a mere cultural artefact. Instead, we can view faith as a natural and integral part of the human experience, stemming from our deepest psychological and spiritual needs. This perspective can foster greater interfaith dialogue and understanding, as it acknowledges the shared human inclination towards the divine. By recognizing the common ground that unites different religious traditions, we can move beyond sectarian divisions and work towards a more harmonious and inclusive world. Inscribing the Divine The convergence of cognitive psychology and Quranic and Biblical epistemology has unveiled a profound harmony between the human mind and the concept of the divine. This synergy reveals that belief in a creator is an innate aspect of human nature, inscribed within the human soul like a sacred script. The alignment between empirical findings and Quranic and Biblical insights underscores the notion that faith is an integral part of the human experience, transcending cultural and temporal boundaries. As we ponder the timeless and universal nature of belief, we are reminded that faith is not a product of cultural conditioning, but rather an inherent aspect of human consciousness, woven into the very fabric of our being. This understanding encourages a more nuanced dialogue between science and spirituality, fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate relationship between human nature, cognition, and the divine. Moreover, this study highlights the significance of interreligious interaction and interfaith dialogue in fostering greater understanding and cooperation among people of different faith backgrounds. By acknowledging the shared human experiences and spiritual aspirations that underlie our diverse beliefs and practices, we can work together to build bridges of mutual respect, empathy, and compassion. Ultimately, this study testifies to the profound wisdom of the Quranic concept of Fiṭrah and the Biblical concept of Imago Dei, which affirm that humanity is created with an innate inclination towards the divine. As we continue to explore the frontiers of human knowledge, may we remain attentive to the whispers of our own souls, which beckon us towards the eternal and the divine, guiding us on our journey of discovery and spiritual growth. Bibliography Barrett, Justin L, Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief, New York: Free Press, 2012 Bloom, Paul, "Religion is Natural," Developmental Science 10, no. 1 (2007): 147–151 Bloom, Paul, Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil, New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2013 Kelemen, Deborah, "Are Children 'Intuitive Theists'? Reasoning about Purpose and Design in Nature." Psychological Science 15, no. 5 (2004): 295–301. Newberg, A., d'Aquili, E., & Rause, V., Why God Won’t Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief, New York: Ballantine Books, 2001 Petrovich, Olivera, “Understanding of the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case against Artificialism,” Psyche en Geloof 8, no. 4 (1997): 151-65 ------ V.A. Mohamad Ashrof is an independent Indian scholar of Islamic humanism. He writes with a passion for developing Quranic hermeneutics that prioritize human well-being, peace, and progress. His work inspires the creation of a just society, fosters critical thinking, and promotes inclusive discourse and peaceful coexistence. URL: https://www.newageislam.com/interfaith-dialogue/inclination-cognitive-psychology-quranic-biblical-theistic-belief/d/133844 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism