Defining Belief and Disbelief (in Islam): The Importance of Recognising Belief as Subjective and Complex Landscape

By Adis Duderija, New Age Islam 28 November 2024 "there is not one objective definition of what constitutes true belief (Īmān), nor is there an objective definition of what constitutes its opposite: unbelief (kufr) or related concepts such as apostasy (Ridda, Irtidād), masked infidelity (Zandaqa), vilification or blasphemy (Sabb), religious deviance or atheism (Ilḥād), or reprehensible innovation (Bid’a), for all depend on the viewpoint of the beholder. Moreover, the prevailing social and political circumstances can affect the perception of what are acceptable convictions and practices and what are not. Camilla Adang, "THE ACCUSATIONS OF UNBELIEF,;A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE ON TAKFIR, p.6 In the contemporary Islamic discoursesurrounding faith and scepticism, the concepts of belief (Īmān) and disbelief (Kufr) can often treated as binary opposites. However, this simplistic dichotomy fails to capture the nuanced and multifaceted nature of these terms. They are not universal constants but rather fluid categories shaped by individual perspectives, cultural contexts, and historical circumstances. To navigate this complex landscape, it is crucial to understand that there is no singular, objective definition of what constitutes true belief or its opposite. The Subjectivity of Belief At the heart of belief lies a deeply personal experience. What one person may regard as unwavering faith, another may view as misguided conviction. In various religious traditions, belief encompasses a spectrum of interpretations, practices, and experiences. For example, within Islam, the concept of Īmān is not merely an intellectual assent to a set of doctrines; it involves a profound emotional and spiritual commitment. Yet, this definition can vary significantly among different sects and communities. The subjective nature of belief is further complicated by the influence of culture and society. In some contexts, certain beliefs may be celebrated and affirmed, while in others, they may be met with scepticism or outright hostility. This is particularly evident in pluralistic societies where diverse faiths coexist. Here, the boundaries of acceptable belief are constantly negotiated, leading to the emergence of new interpretations and practices. Disbelief: A Spectrum of Perspectives Conversely, disbelief, or Kufr, similarly defies a singular definition. The term encompassesvarious forms of rejection of faith, including apostasy (Ridda), masked infidelity (Zandaqa), and blasphemy (Sabb). Each of these terms carries distinct connotations and implications, shaped by theological, social, and political factors. Apostasy, for instance, is often viewed with grave concern within many religious communities, as it challenges the integrity of the belief system. Yet, what may be perceived as apostasy in one context could be seen as a legitimate expression of personal conviction in another. The concept of Zandaqa, or masked infidelity, introduces another layer of complexity. It refers to individuals who from the perspective of “orthodoxy” outwardly conform to a belief system but harbour doubts or alternative beliefs. This notion highlights the tension between external appearances and internal convictions, raising important questions about authenticity and the meaning of faith. Moreover, the rise of secularism and atheism has further expandedthe discourse on disbelief. In societies where religious adherence is declining, atheism may be embraced as a valid worldview, challenging traditional notions of faith. Yet, in more conservative settings, atheism is often viewed as a profound threat, prompting accusations of disbelief that can carry severe social and legal repercussions. The Role of Context in Defining Belief and Disbelief The definitions of belief and disbelief are also deeply influenced by prevailing social and political circumstances. For instance, in times of political upheaval or social unrest, expressions of faith may be scrutinized more rigorously. Governments may label dissenting voices as “unbelievers” to delegitimize opposition, using religious rhetoric to justify political actions. This manipulation of belief for political ends underscores the precarious nature of faith in the public sphere. In some instances, communities may redefine belief to maintain cohesion in the face of external challenges. This can lead to the marginalization of dissenting views, as those who do not conform to the dominant narrative are labelled as disbelievers or heretics. The pressure to conform can create an environment where genuine belief is overshadowed by the fear of ostracism or persecution. Conversely, in more open and tolerant societies, the diversity of beliefsis often celebrated. In such contexts, individuals may feel empowered to explore and express their convictions freely, leading to a richer tapestry of belief that transcends traditional boundaries. Here, the definitions of belief and disbelief evolve, reflecting the dynamic interplay between personal experience and societal norms. The Consequences of Labelling The act of labelling individuals as believers or non-believers carries significant consequences. It can shape one's identity, influence social interactions, and even determine one's place within a community. The stigmatization of disbelief can result in ostracism, discrimination, or violence, particularly in contexts where religious identity is closely tied to cultural or national identity. Moreover, the accusations of unbelief can stifle genuine inquiry and dialogue. When individuals fear being labelled as disbelievers, they may hesitate to question their beliefs or explore alternative perspectives. This can lead to intellectual stagnation and a lack of critical engagement with one's faith. In contrast, a more open approach that embraces doubt and exploration can foster deeper understanding and growth. Rethinking Belief and Disbelief To navigate the complexities of belief and disbelief, it is essential to adopt a more nuanced understanding that transcends rigid categorizations. This involves recognizing the subjective nature of belief and the diverse ways in which it can manifest. It also requires acknowledging the impact of context on how beliefs are perceived and evaluated. Encouraging dialogue across different belief systems can help bridge the divides that often separate believers from non-believers. By fostering an environment where questioning and exploration are welcomed, individuals can engage in meaningful conversations that enrich their understanding of faith and scepticism. Furthermore, it is vital to challenge the binary framing of belief and disbelief. Embracing a spectrum of belief allows for greater inclusivity and understanding. In this framework, individuals can identify their convictions without feeling constrained by labels that may not accurately reflect their experiences. In conclusion, the definitions of belief and disbelief are far from static; they are shaped by a multitude of factors, including personal experience, cultural context, and societal norms. The complexity of these concepts calls for a more compassionate and open-minded approach to discussions of faith and scepticism. By recognizing the fluidity of belief and the importance of context, we can cultivate a richer understanding of what it means to believe—or not believe—within a diverse and interconnected world. Embracing this complexity not only enriches our personal journeys but also fosters a more inclusive dialogue that honours the myriad ways in which individuals navigate their convictions in a rapidly changing landscape. ------ Checkout Dr. Adis Duderija’s personal website at: https://dradisduderija.com/ A decades old patron of New Age Islam, Dr Adis Duderija is a Senior Lecturer in the Study of Islam and Society, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science; Senior Fellow Centre for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue, Griffith University | Nathan | Queensland | Australia. His forthcoming books are (co-edited) - Shame, Modesty, and Honour in Islam and Interfaith Engagement beyond the Divide (Springer) URL: https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/belief-disbelief-subjective-complex-landscape/d/133847 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism