Toward a Harmonious Understanding: Tawhid and Panentheism in Process-Relational Theology

By Adis Duderija, New Age Islam 21 May 2025 In the rich Islamic philosophical and theological discourse, the Islamic principle of Tawhid and the panentheistic view of the cosmos in process-relational theology emerge as two profound frameworks that can illuminate our understanding of the Divine and our place within the universe. While these concepts arise from distinct traditions, they resonate deeply with each other, particularly when we incorporate the ideas of the Islamic philosopher mystic Ibn Al-Arabi, whose notions of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Being) and Tajalli (Divine manifestation) can profoundly enhance our comprehension of Tawhid as Divine Unity in Multiplicity. Defining Tawhid: Unity in Multiplicity Tawhid, conventionally translated as "Divine Oneness," embodies a rich and nuanced understanding that transcends mere singularity. It calls for an appreciation Of Divine Unity In Multiplicity, where the singular essence of God is reflected in the diverse manifestations of creation. The Quran encourages believers to witness God’s presence in every aspect of life, from the intricate complexities of nature to the varied expressions of human culture. This perspective aligns with Ibn Al-Arabi’s concept of Wahdat al-Wujud, which posits that all of existence is a manifestation of the one Divine Reality. According to Ibn Al-Arabi, the multiplicity of the world does not diminish the oneness of God; rather, it reveals the richness of the Divine through various forms and attributes. In this view, creation is not separate from God but is imbued with Her essence, inviting us to perceive the interconnectedness of all being. Panentheism: A Brief Overview Panentheism, derived from the Greek words "pan" (all) and "en" (in), suggests that the Divine encompasses and interpenetrates the universe, while also transcending it. This theological perspective, prevalent in process-relational theology, presents God as an active participant in the unfolding of creation, rather than a distant, unchanging being. In this framework, the cosmos is seen as a dynamic, relational entity, where all beings are interconnected and continually evolving. Process-relational theology, articulated by philosophers like Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, emphasises that reality is fundamentally relational. Here, God is viewed as the ultimate source of creativity and novelty, engaging with and responding to the world in a way that allows for genuine change. This understanding parallels Ibn Al-Arabi’s view that God’s attributes are revealed through the dynamic process of creation and human experience. Affinities Between Tawhid and Panentheism 1. Interconnectedness of All Things A key aspect of both Tawhid and panentheism is the recognition of interconnectedness. Tawhid emphasizes that everything in existence is a manifestation of the Divine. Each creature reflects an aspect of God’s attributes, contributing to a holistic understanding of the universe. This interconnectedness is not merely a philosophical assertion but a call for ethical responsibility toward all of creation. Ibn Al-Arabi’s concept of Tajalli illuminates this idea further. Tajalli refers to the Divine manifestations through which God reveals Himself in the world. Each manifestation serves as a reflection of God’s infinite qualities, allowing us to perceive the Divine in various forms. This perspectiveencourages the recognition that every being participates in the Divine reality, fostering a sense of unity amidst diversity. In panentheism, the relational nature of existence mirrors this understanding. Every entity is part of a larger web of relationships, with God as the ultimate source of these connections. The interactions within the cosmos reveal the presence of the Divine in every aspect of life, echoing the Islamic view that God is intimately involved in creation. 2. Dynamic and Evolving Nature of the Divine Both Tawhid and panentheism portray the Divine as dynamic and evolving. Traditional interpretations of Tawhid often emphasise God’s unchanging nature, but a deeper understanding reveals that God’s relationship with creation is active and responsive. This view aligns with Ibn Al-Arabi’s teachings, where the Divine is not static but engages with the world through the process of Tajalli, continuously revealing new aspects of Herself. In process theology, God is seen as a being who evolves with creation, enriched by the experiences of all beings. This relational perspective allows for genuine interaction with the cosmos, reflecting a Divine presence that is both transcendent and immanent. Such an understanding resonates with Ibn Al-Arabi’s vision of a living, dynamic God who interacts with His creation, revealing the richness of His attributes through the unfolding of existence. 3. The Role of Human Agency Tawhid and panentheism both acknowledge the significance of human agency within the framework of divine interaction. In rationalist streams of Islam, humans are endowed with free will and the capacity to make choices that reflect their understanding of Tawhid. This agency allows for a genuine relationship with God, where individuals can embody the Divine attributes of compassion, justice, and mercy in their actions. Ibn Al-Arabi emphasizes the importance of human consciousness in recognizing the Divine manifestations around us. Our awareness and perception of Tajalli enable us to engage with the Divine more profoundly. In the context of process-relational theology, human beings are seen as co-creators in the unfolding of the universe, where our choices and actions contribute to the ongoing creative process. This perspective empowers individuals to recognise their role in shaping reality, fostering a sense of responsibility toward others and the environment. The metaphysical and philosophical affinities between Tawhid as Divine Unity in Multiplicity and the panentheistic view of the cosmos in process-relational theology reveal a profound interconnectedness that transcends traditional boundaries. By incorporating Ibn Al-Arabi’s ideas of Wahdat al-Wujud and Tajalli, we gain a richer appreciation for the dynamic relationship between the Divine and creation. ------ Checkout Dr. Adis Duderija’s personal website at: https://dradisduderija.com/ A decades old patron of New Age Islam, Dr Adis Duderija is a Senior Lecturer in the Study of Islam and Society, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science; Senior Fellow Centre for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue, Griffith University | Nathan | Queensland | Australia. His forthcoming books are (co-edited) - Shame, Modesty, and Honour in Islam and Interfaith Engagement beyond the Divide (Springer) URL: https://www.newageislam.com/debating-islam/harmonious-tawhid-panentheism-relational-theology/d/135606 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism